What Structures Makeup The Axial Skeleton

Axial skeleton: functions, bones, joints

Content:

Functions of the axial skeleton
Axial skeletal bones
Head
The attic
The auditory ossicles
Face
Spinal column
The thorax
Joints
In the caput
In the spine
On the breast
References

The centric skeleton It is i of the two primary groups of bones in the human being torso. It is made up of the basic that brand upwardly the central axis of the body, that is, those that brand up the skull, neck, rib cage and spine, and whose main part is to protect vital organs.

The human skeleton, as well as that of almost vertebrate animals, is fabricated upwards of ii groups of basic normally known as the centric skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

More than 50% of the bones of the man body vest to the appendicular skeleton, yet and despite their lower proportion, the basic of the axial skeleton fulfill extremely of import protective and back up functions, since they protect vital organs such as the brain, spine dorsal and viscera.

Thus, the bones of the axial skeleton are those that form the caput, vertebrae and trunk, while those of the appendicular skeleton, as its name indicates, are those that form the appendages of the centric skeleton, that is, the upper extremities and lower, which function in motility and locomotion.

Functions of the centric skeleton

The axial skeleton is a fundamental part of the human skeleton since the protection and support of the unlike internal organ systems depend on it: the nervous organization, the digestive system, the cardiovascular organization, the respiratory system and function of the muscular organisation.

The fundamental nervous arrangement, which is made upwards of the brain and spinal cord, lies mainly inside the structures of the axial skeleton that represent to the skull and the spinal column.

In the skull, in addition, not just is the encephalon housed, only in that location are also spaces corresponding to:

- the center sockets (where the eyes are arranged)

- the nasal crenel (office of the respiratory system)

- the jaws and rima oris (part of the digestive arrangement)

- the tympanic cavity (where the iii ossicles of the ears are)

The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are establish within what is known every bit the thorax or torso, where the heart and lungs, the main organs of each respectively, are protected mainly by the rib cage formed by the ribs.

Although it provides a tough defense force, the ribs are bundled in the rib muzzle in such a manner every bit to allow expansion of the lungs during inspiration as well equally their contraction during expiration.

Axial skeletal bones

The axial skeleton, which constitutes the central portion of the torso, is made up of 80 bones distributed in 3 regions: the head, the vertebral cavalcade and the thorax.

Head

The bony component of the head is made up of 22 separate basic such as the skull, the facial basic, the ossicles of the middle ear in the cavity of the eardrum, and the hyoid bone (below the jaw).

The cranium

In that location are 8 cranial bones that grade the cavity that houses the brain and provide an attachment site for the muscles of the head and neck. These basic are:

- Frontal os

- Parietal basic (2)

- Temporal bones (ii)

- Occipital bone

- Sphenoid bone

- Ethmoid bone

The auditory ossicles

The tympanic cavity, respective to the center ear, contains iii small "chained" basic, in fact, they are the three smallest basic in the human body and that is why they are known as the ossicles. The 3 ossicles are:

- Hammer (ii, ane in each ear)

- Anvil (2, one in each ear)

- Stapes (2, 1 in each ear)

The main office of these basic is to transmit vibrational audio waves that collide with the tympanic membrane (which separates the outer ear from the middle ear) into the cochlea, a fluid-filled crenel in the inner ear.

Face

There are 14 facial basic and they stand out for their relationship with the sensory organs:

- Nasal bones (2)

- Maxillary bones (2)

- Zygomatic bones (2)

- Palatine bones (2)

- Vomer bone

- Lacrimal basic (2)

- Nasal turbinates (2)

- Mandibular os

The other bone of the centric skeleton found in the cephalic region (by the head) is the hyoid bone, which is located below the jaw, in the front of the neck, where it is continued with muscles of the jaw, larynx and tongue.

Spinal cavalcade

This portion of the axial skeleton supports the weight of the caput, protects the spinal cord, and is where the ribs and muscles of the neck and back adhere. It is made up of 26 bones, 24 of them corresponding to the vertebrae and the other 2 to the sacrum and the coccyx. In total it has an approximate length of lxx-71 cm.

The lodge in which these bones are arranged in the spine is every bit follows:

- C1, is the first vertebra, besides known every bit the Atlas os, it is the site where the skull connects with the spinal cavalcade

- C2, the 2nd vertebra, also known equally the Axis os (axis); information technology is right between the Atlas and the 3rd vertebra

- C3-C7 (5), called cervical vertebrae

- Th1-Th12 (12), called thoracic vertebrae

- L1-L5 (5), called lumbar vertebrae

- Sacral bone

- coccyx

The vertebrae are basic that are bundled to form a hollow cylindrical cavity inside, which contains the fretfulness that make upwards the spinal cord, which is part of the central nervous system. The vertebrae also accept notches through which spinal nerves tin can exit.

The thorax

The chest of the homo body is fabricated up of the skeleton that forms the thoracic cavity. The sternum and ribs belong to this office of the axial skeleton, totaling 25 bones.

The bones of the thorax not merely protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs and other viscera, just as well support the shoulder girdles and upper limbs, serve as a fixation site for the diaphragm, for the muscles of the back, cervix , shoulders and breast.

The bones of the thorax are:

- The sternum: manubrium, trunk and xiphoid process (three flat and long bones fused into i in the anterior region of the chest)

- The ribs (12 pairs, attached to the thoracic vertebrae in the back of the torso)

With the exception of the 11th and twelfth pairs of ribs, all ribs are attached to the sternum through what is chosen "costal cartilage."

Joints

In the head

The eight bones that brand up the cranial cavity are closely linked together through a blazon of fibrous joints with very little motion known as sutures, which are of the synarthrosis type, that is, immobile joints.

In that location are iv types of sutures in the skull:

- Lambdoid suture (occipital-parietal)

- Coronal suture (frontal-parietal)

- Sagittal suture (parietal)

- Squamous sutures (temporal-parietal)

In improver, the teeth are articulated with the maxillary and mandibular bones through a type of articulation known as gonphosis, which are gristly and immobile.

In the spine

The vertebrae that make upwards the spinal column are joined together cheers to joints known as intervertebral discs, which are fibrocartilaginous joints of the symphysis type, which allow some movements and which contribute to the cushioning of the spine during movement.

On the chest

The unions between the ribs and the sternum are mediated by what is known as "costal cartilages" which are a type of cartilage joint called synchondrosis, which allow some freedom of movement, very important for breathing.

In addition, the expansion of the thoracic crenel also occurs thanks to the joints between the thoracic vertebrae and the posterior ends of the ribs, since these are synovial joints, of the diarthrosis type, known as costovertebral joints and which are joined by ligaments.

References

Gray, H. (2009). Grayness'south beefcake. Arcturus Publishing.
Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2007). Human anatomy & physiology. Pearson education.
Netter, F. (2010). Atlas of Man Anatomy. Netter Basic Scientific discipline.
Saladin, M. S., & McFarland, R. K. (2008). Human anatomy (Vol. three). New York: McGraw-Loma.
Warren, A. (2020). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved September sixteen, 2020, from britannica.com

Source: https://warbletoncouncil.org/esqueleto-axial-16299

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